Carbon is an element that can exist in three forms in nature: diamond, graphite, and carbon. Carbon has excellent fire resistance properties, such as slag non-wetting properties and high thermal conductivity. It can be used as a refractory material in two ways: as an additive or binder (coal tar, petroleum pitch, or resin) in carbon-containing refractories, and as an additive in carbon-based refractories. Carbon-containing refractories are made by mixing graphite or carbon in

Recently, transition metal nitrides have been considered as possible alternatives to noble metals as plasmonic materials. In particular, the local surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) of refractory transition metal nitrites such as TiN and ZrN is an attractive option for plasmons. Using FDTD simulations, the extinction, absorption and scattering of the TiN nanocube diameter were calculated at about 42 nm with field strength “modes” at different separation distances. We investig

Refractory metals, such as cobalt, chromium, tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and titanium (Ti) alloys, have been used in implants because of their excellent corrosion resistance. Cytotoxicity usually depends on the ionization tendency of the metal used. In order to evaluate the biocompatibility of refractory metals, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum and rhenium were implanted in rats and organized by X-ray scanning analysis microscope (XSAM) and electron probe microscope anal