Refractory metals, such as cobalt, chromium, tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and titanium (Ti) alloys, have been used in implants because of their excellent corrosion resistance. Cytotoxicity usually depends on the ionization tendency of the metal used. In order to evaluate the biocompatibility of refractory metals, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum and rhenium were implanted in rats and organized by X-ray scanning analysis microscope (XSAM) and electron probe microscope anal

Nano powders are particulate materials that exhibit basic structural properties on a scale of 1-100 nm. The field of application of nanopowders is based on their unique properties, such as a very high specific surface area, increased chemical activity of atoms and molecules at the interface, and high absorption. Many of these properties are atoms and molecules on the surface versus the bulk state. Since the properties of nanoparticles are mainly related to their size, it is u

The driving force of refractory industry Refractory solutions are required for all heat-related production processes. The most important industries require suitable refractory applications. Generally speaking, without refractory materials, the industry cannot produce the items that communities desperately need. The strong demand for products in the aerospace, electrical, automotive, glass and cement industries is expected to drive the expansion of the refractory market worldw